ATS Group (ATS) was founded in 1998 and has kept growing to becoming a brand to be reckoned with in the real estate industry today. We are a young endeavour comprising of experienced professionals - Anand, Talwar and Saha, and we were quickly recognized by the market and soon forged into a group with spiraling growth to 3 separate companies– ATS Infrastructures Ltd., ATS Promoters and Builders and ATS Construction and Maintenance Pvt. Ltd.
Since 1998, we have built 2 residential complexes in sector 50, Noida of over 500,000 Sq.ft - ATS Greens I & ATS Greens II, both of which are 100 % occupied.
The overwhelming response and high demands led us to our 3rd project in Noida - ATS Greens Village which is an over 1.5 Million sq. ft project. It is sold out and is due for occupation before the end of 2005. The upcoming project is our first in Greater Noida - ATS Greens Paradiso, We would be launching in Chandigarh and Gurgaon very soon.
ATS Website
Though the company is new, the promoters are thorough-bred to the business. Mr. Getambar Anand, and Mr. Ashwani Talwar, together formed T&A Erectors (P) Ltd., in 1990 and have been involved with the real estate industry at various levels.
Mr. Anand and Mr. Talwar being school mates have grown up together making them ideal partners. While working on a project along with Mr. Anil Kumar Saha, an old friend, they came upon the idea of teaming up and putting their respective skills to a better use by becoming the founders and promoters of ATS (Anand, Talwar & Saha).
At that time, in the late 90’s, the mass movement was towards Gurgaon. We had the vision and belief in Noida. Our vision of Noida has transformed it into a global city catapulting it to new heights. Our trend-setting approach and pioneering efforts have brought fortunes to thousands of families who bear the ATS smile. Noida is seeing a spate of development in the form of Ultra Modern shopping Malls, elaborate residential complexes & colonies, MNC corporate offices, wider roads and easy access from Delhi and surrounding areas.
We have always been the trend setters and the Pioneers who played a vital role in making the Property market reach the heights of demand that Noida enjoys today. We bring all the state-of-the-art professional qualities and ingredients of global standards which are a must in today's competitive and liberalized market.
Friday, July 20, 2007
Builders - Ansal Housing
Enter a city within your city. Enter a world complete in itself. Enter Ansals townships.
For the home of your dreams. With all the amenities of the modern life - market places, schools, clubs, post offices, swimming pools, gymnasiums etc. And a pollution-free environment fit for healthy living.
Time to move up in life. With all the pollution in modern day cities, Ansals high rise apartments are the answer to all those seeking respite from the smoke and dust.
Not to mention the modern and functional attributes that make these apartments suitable for people who like to live in an enviable lifestyle.
It's what makes life worth living - good food, good company and a great ambience to top it.
Ansals have provided for your need after a hard day's work - through the finest sports clubs, restaurants, gyms and retreats within the city and on its outskirts.
Unwind and get ready for yet another days grind
Ansal Website
For the home of your dreams. With all the amenities of the modern life - market places, schools, clubs, post offices, swimming pools, gymnasiums etc. And a pollution-free environment fit for healthy living.
Time to move up in life. With all the pollution in modern day cities, Ansals high rise apartments are the answer to all those seeking respite from the smoke and dust.
Not to mention the modern and functional attributes that make these apartments suitable for people who like to live in an enviable lifestyle.
It's what makes life worth living - good food, good company and a great ambience to top it.
Ansals have provided for your need after a hard day's work - through the finest sports clubs, restaurants, gyms and retreats within the city and on its outskirts.
Unwind and get ready for yet another days grind
Ansal Website
Builders - Sahara Housing
Sahara Infrastructure & Housing is India's best & the largest realtor with leadership in offering innovative products to the esteemed customers.
• We offer broad range of houses, commercial & retail spaces, office spaces and luxurious penthouses & villas.
• Our projects are planned to become living legends of class, comfort & elegance. The world class quality along with adequate emphasis on security & health has given us an edge over others.
• There are various measures to ensure multi-level security to the residents of the townships to create a safe & relaxing environment.
• Health of the residents is another highlighting feature of the townships where complete measure has been taken to ensure health & hygiene.
Sahara Housing website
• We offer broad range of houses, commercial & retail spaces, office spaces and luxurious penthouses & villas.
• Our projects are planned to become living legends of class, comfort & elegance. The world class quality along with adequate emphasis on security & health has given us an edge over others.
• There are various measures to ensure multi-level security to the residents of the townships to create a safe & relaxing environment.
• Health of the residents is another highlighting feature of the townships where complete measure has been taken to ensure health & hygiene.
Sahara Housing website
Builders - CCSE Housing
The “CONSORTIUM OF CENTRAL AND STATE EMPLOYEES” (C.C.S.E)Sahakari Awas Samiti Ltd,is a co-operative Group Housing Society registered with Awas Vikas Parishad, Govt. of U. P "Vide Reg. No.3119".The Society was established in the year 2003 with a vision to change the perspective of “ living” from just living to Modern and healthy living by designing and developing a state of the art Modern Housing Complex for it's members and simultaneously keeping the prices within affordable range. We at CCSE, aspire to write a new chapter in “ GROUP HOUSING ” by developing immaculately planned and ambient designed housing complex with modern infrastructure and amenities to offer quality life-style and healthy living to it's members. This vision and ideology being the theme of the project, we named it “ANANDASHRAY” & "Vrinda City".
CCSE website
CCSE website
This vision of Chandigarh, contained in the innumerable conceptual maps on the drawing board together with notes and sketches had to be translated into brick and mortar. Le Corbusier retained many of the seminal ideas of Mayer and Nowicki, like the basic framework of the master plan and its components: the Capitol, City Centre, besides the University, Industrial area, and linear parkland. Even the neighbourhood unit was retained as the basic module of planning. However, the curving outline of Mayer and Nowicki was reorganised into a mesh of rectangles, and the buildings were characterised by an 'honesty of materials'. Exposed brick and boulder stone masonry in its rough form produced unfinished concrete surfaces, in geometrical structures. This became the architecture form characteristic of Chandigarh, set amidst landscaped gardens and parks.
The initial plan had two phases: the first for a population of 150,000 and the second taking the total population to 500,000. Le Corbusier divided the city into units called 'sectors', each representing a theoretically self-sufficient entity with space for living, working and leisure. The sectors were linked to each other by a road and path network developed along the line of the 7 Vs, or a hierarchy of seven types of circulation patterns. At the highest point in this network was the V1, the highways connecting the city to others, and at the lowest were the V7s, the streets leading to individual houses. Later a V8 was added: cycle and pedestrian paths.
The city plan is laid down in a grid pattern. The whole city has been devided into rectangular patterns, forming identical looking sectors, each sector measures 800 m x 1200 m. The sectors were to act as self-sufficient neighborhoods, each with its own market, places of worship, schools and colleges - all within 10 minutes walking distance from within the sector. The original two phases of the plan delineated sectors from 1 to 47, with the exception of 13.The Assembly, the secretariate and the high court, all located in Sector - 1 are the three monumental buildings designed by Le Corbusier in which he showcased his archtectural geius to the maximum. The city was to be surrounded by a 16 kilometer wide greenbelt that was to ensure that no development could take place in the immediate vicinity of the town, thus checking suburbs and urban sprawl.
While leaving the bulk of the city's architecture to other members of his team, Le Corbusier took responsibility for the overall master plan of the city, and the design of some of the major public buildings including the High Court, Assembly, Secretariat, the Museum and Art Gallery, School of Art and the Lake Club. Le Corbusier's most prominent building, the Court House, consists of the High court, which is literally higher than the other, eight lower courts. Most of the other housing was done by Le Corbusier's cousin Pierre Jeanneret, the English husband and wife team of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, along with a team of nine Indian architects -- M. N. Sharma, A. Ar. Prabhawalkar, B. P. Mathur, Piloo Moody, U. E. Chowdhury, N. S. Lamba, J. L. Malhotra, J. S. Dethe and Aditya Prakash.
The city in its final form, while not resembling his previous city projects like the Ville Contemporaine or the Ville Radieuse, was an important and iconic landmark in the history of town planning. It continues to be an object of interest for architects, planners, historians and social scientists.
The initial plan had two phases: the first for a population of 150,000 and the second taking the total population to 500,000. Le Corbusier divided the city into units called 'sectors', each representing a theoretically self-sufficient entity with space for living, working and leisure. The sectors were linked to each other by a road and path network developed along the line of the 7 Vs, or a hierarchy of seven types of circulation patterns. At the highest point in this network was the V1, the highways connecting the city to others, and at the lowest were the V7s, the streets leading to individual houses. Later a V8 was added: cycle and pedestrian paths.
The city plan is laid down in a grid pattern. The whole city has been devided into rectangular patterns, forming identical looking sectors, each sector measures 800 m x 1200 m. The sectors were to act as self-sufficient neighborhoods, each with its own market, places of worship, schools and colleges - all within 10 minutes walking distance from within the sector. The original two phases of the plan delineated sectors from 1 to 47, with the exception of 13.The Assembly, the secretariate and the high court, all located in Sector - 1 are the three monumental buildings designed by Le Corbusier in which he showcased his archtectural geius to the maximum. The city was to be surrounded by a 16 kilometer wide greenbelt that was to ensure that no development could take place in the immediate vicinity of the town, thus checking suburbs and urban sprawl.
While leaving the bulk of the city's architecture to other members of his team, Le Corbusier took responsibility for the overall master plan of the city, and the design of some of the major public buildings including the High Court, Assembly, Secretariat, the Museum and Art Gallery, School of Art and the Lake Club. Le Corbusier's most prominent building, the Court House, consists of the High court, which is literally higher than the other, eight lower courts. Most of the other housing was done by Le Corbusier's cousin Pierre Jeanneret, the English husband and wife team of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, along with a team of nine Indian architects -- M. N. Sharma, A. Ar. Prabhawalkar, B. P. Mathur, Piloo Moody, U. E. Chowdhury, N. S. Lamba, J. L. Malhotra, J. S. Dethe and Aditya Prakash.
The city in its final form, while not resembling his previous city projects like the Ville Contemporaine or the Ville Radieuse, was an important and iconic landmark in the history of town planning. It continues to be an object of interest for architects, planners, historians and social scientists.
It predicts that by 2010, Hyderabad and Chennai will replace Bangalore and Mumbai as the favoured Indian destinations for IT outsourcing.
The study has categorised and evaluated the cities into four tiers based on various factors including infrastructure, skills availability, skills retention, access, cost of living, political support and quality of life.
The report also stated that certain drivers enable these cities as favorable destinations for outsourcing. These include improving infrastructure, overall skills availability, good quality educational institutions and active political support.
The improving infrastructure in Hyderabad has enabled the city to top the ratings in the infrastructure category.
However, other factors that are inhibiting this growing favourability and need to be addressed are increased attrition, inadequate infrastructure, escalating costs and lack of good quality real estate.
Pune which ranked lowest in infrastructure support will need significant investment to be at par with cities like Mumbai and Bangalore or even cities like Chennai and Hyderabad in the future.
Commenting on the report, Partha Iyengar, vice president, Gartner, said: "Bangalore and Mumbai will soon cease to be the default centers for offshoring. Ready availability of skilled labor force with lower attrition rates in cities like Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune will lead to companies setting up centers there instead."
"In the long run, other factors including global footprints of service providers, service line capabilities and expatriate index will also play a greater role for global MNCs or IT service providers setting up or expanding in these cities," Iyengar said.
According to the study, the Tier 1-1 cities like Hyderabad, Chennai and Pune are at a vantage point. These cities have most, if not all, of the capabilities of the Tier 1s, but, for various reasons, have not achieved the same level of mind-share and visibility.
These cities are the most likely to take on the mantle of Tier 1 in the near future, either in addition to or replacement of the current Tier 1s.
Hyderabad rates almost at par with Mumbai in all factors evaluated, but has scored much higher on 'cost of life' and 'quality of living' where Mumbai has received the lowest ratings.
On recommendations to companies planning to set up centers in India Partha Iyengar said: "When choosing the destination for offshoring, companies should look beyond Mumbai and Bangalore. They will need to assess the strengths and weaknesses of various cities, as what they plan to outsource or in-source could very well determine the location."
"They should also factor the expatriate attractiveness of the location which could be an emerging 'swing' factor. Further, if an Indian is involved in the selection, care should be taken to overcome the parochial biases and preferences of the individual, in making the selection," Iyengar said.
Gartner is the leading provider of research and analysis on the global information technology industry and serves more than 10,000 clients.
The study has categorised and evaluated the cities into four tiers based on various factors including infrastructure, skills availability, skills retention, access, cost of living, political support and quality of life.
The report also stated that certain drivers enable these cities as favorable destinations for outsourcing. These include improving infrastructure, overall skills availability, good quality educational institutions and active political support.
The improving infrastructure in Hyderabad has enabled the city to top the ratings in the infrastructure category.
However, other factors that are inhibiting this growing favourability and need to be addressed are increased attrition, inadequate infrastructure, escalating costs and lack of good quality real estate.
Pune which ranked lowest in infrastructure support will need significant investment to be at par with cities like Mumbai and Bangalore or even cities like Chennai and Hyderabad in the future.
Commenting on the report, Partha Iyengar, vice president, Gartner, said: "Bangalore and Mumbai will soon cease to be the default centers for offshoring. Ready availability of skilled labor force with lower attrition rates in cities like Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune will lead to companies setting up centers there instead."
"In the long run, other factors including global footprints of service providers, service line capabilities and expatriate index will also play a greater role for global MNCs or IT service providers setting up or expanding in these cities," Iyengar said.
According to the study, the Tier 1-1 cities like Hyderabad, Chennai and Pune are at a vantage point. These cities have most, if not all, of the capabilities of the Tier 1s, but, for various reasons, have not achieved the same level of mind-share and visibility.
These cities are the most likely to take on the mantle of Tier 1 in the near future, either in addition to or replacement of the current Tier 1s.
Hyderabad rates almost at par with Mumbai in all factors evaluated, but has scored much higher on 'cost of life' and 'quality of living' where Mumbai has received the lowest ratings.
On recommendations to companies planning to set up centers in India Partha Iyengar said: "When choosing the destination for offshoring, companies should look beyond Mumbai and Bangalore. They will need to assess the strengths and weaknesses of various cities, as what they plan to outsource or in-source could very well determine the location."
"They should also factor the expatriate attractiveness of the location which could be an emerging 'swing' factor. Further, if an Indian is involved in the selection, care should be taken to overcome the parochial biases and preferences of the individual, in making the selection," Iyengar said.
Gartner is the leading provider of research and analysis on the global information technology industry and serves more than 10,000 clients.
Bangalore is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is India's third largest city and fifth largest metropolitan area. Modern Bangalore was founded in 1537 CE by Kempe Gowda, a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire. Kempe Gowda built a mud fort in the vicinity of modern Bangalore. By 1831, the city was incorporated into the British Raj with the establishment of the Bangalore Cantonment. The British returned dominion of the city to the King of Mysore, choosing however, to retain jurisdiction over the cantonment. Therefore, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with civic and infrastructural developments of the cantonment conforming to European styles of planning. For most of the period after Indian independence in 1947, Bangalore was a B-1 status city, and was not considered to be one of India's "4 major metropolitan cities". The growth of Information Technology in the city, which is the largest contributor to India's software exports, has led to a decadal growth that is second to only that of India's capital New Delhi. The city's roads, however, were not designed to accommodate the vehicular traffic, growing at an average of 8% annually, that prevails in Bangalore.
Early city planning and infrastructure
A 1924 map of Bangalore showing the major roads and localities of the Bangalore pete and the Bangalore Cantonment. The Bangalore fort is located in the western part of the city.
A 1924 map of Bangalore showing the major roads and localities of the Bangalore pete and the Bangalore Cantonment. The Bangalore fort is located in the western part of the city.
Within the fort built by Kempe Gowda I, the town was divided into petes or localities such as Chikpete, Dodpete and Balepete, with each area intended for different artisans and tradesman. Markets within the town were divided by the nature of the provisions supplied and services rendered — Aralpete, Akkipete, Ragipete, Balepete and Taragupete sold various provisions while Kumbarpete, Ganginarpete, Upparpete, Nagartharapete catered to services. The town within the fort had two main streets — Chikpete street and Dodpete street. Chikpete street ran east-west and Dodpete street ran north-south. Their intersection formed the heart of the town — Dodpete square. The town within the fort was cordoned by nine gates. The four main gates of the fort were Halasoor (east), Sondekoppa (west), Yelahanka (north) and Anekal (south). Kempe Gowda encouraged the construction of temples and residential areas, known as agraharams within the town. Kempe Gowda I sanctioned the construction of lakes within the landlocked city, to provide for a source of water supply. The city's residential areas further developed under Kempe Gowda II, who built four towers to demarcate Bangalore's boundaries. These towers in the modern localities of Lal Bagh, Kempambudhi Tank, Ulsoor lake, and the vicinity of Ramana Maharshi Ashram . In 1758, Bangalore was given as a jahagir to Haider Ali, Commander-in-chief of the Mysore army. Haider Ali built the Delhi and Mysore gates of the fort and further strengthened it with stone walls. The Lal Bagh botanical garden was established in the city during the reigns of Haider Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan. Caputured by the British after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, Bangalore fell into the dominion of the British Raj. The Diwan of Mysore, Poornaiah, contributed to the development of Bangalore's infrastructure between 1799-1811 CE. He renovated the temple inside the fort and built a choultry for travellers in Tulasi Thota. The British moved their garrison from Srirangapatnam to Bangalore in 1831, establishing the Bangalore Cantonment. The officer in charge of the city was known as Huzoor Shirastedar. Sir Mark Cubbon, commissioner of the city from 1834-1861, was responsible for introducing Kannada as the official language and for sanctioning the construction of roads and bridges, as well as setting up the telegraph system in the city .
The South Parade and MG Road are important social and cultural hallmarks of the Bangalore Cantonment
The South Parade and MG Road are important social and cultural hallmarks of the Bangalore Cantonment
The South Parade, today known as MG Road, became a fashionable area with bars, and restaurants. In his book Bangalore: Scenes from an Indian City, M. N. Srinivas opines that the reasons leading to the haphazzard development of narrow, winding roads around the civilan areas around the cantonment was because the British chose to ignore the development of these areas, which were normally reserved for non-European labourers. The first railway lines between Bangalore and Jolarpet were laid in 1864 under the directives of Cubbon. His successor, Lewan Bentham Bowring (1862-1870) established the first organised law enforcement units in the city as well the sewerage system and the department of Survey and Settlement. In 1862, the Town Municipality of Bangalore was constituted under Act No. XXVI of 1850. The municipality board, comprising two European officials, four local officials and two non-officials met biweekly to discuss matters on the city's sanitation and improvement. The jurisdiction of the municipality included Balepet, Manavarthpet and Halsurpet. The first project of the municipality was the construction of a moat around the ramparts of the old Bangalore fort. In 1866, the municipality installed kerosene lamps on principal streets. A parallel municipality was established in the Bangalore Cantonment in 1862 with Rs. 37,509. The jurisdiction of the cantonment municipality included the Ulsoor division, Southern division, East General Bazaar division, West General Bazaar division, Cleveland Town division and High Ground division. Though the Banagalore town and the Cantonment had separate municipal bodies, they both reported to the President of Bangalore Town Municipality. Despite the establishment of municipal bodies, civic infrastructure in the city did not see considerable improvement. Uncovered drains, some between 10 feet deep by 6 feet wide, were common in the town. Contractors of the municipality subordinated farmers for the removal of filth in the cantonment, which they in turn, used as manure. The efficacy of this agreement was minimal during agricultural seasons. Contractors engaged in building construction employing more than 10 labourers, were required to maintain a latrine for their use and clean it daily.
The bubonic plague of 1897-98 had a dramatic effect on the improvements of sanitation and health facilities. Telephone lines were laid to help coordinate anti-plague operations. To prevent the spread of the epidemic, several unsanitary houses were demolished, and with a lack of manpower to accomplish the demolitions, convicts from the Central Jail were requisitioned . In 1892, the Western extension was formed in the city and sites measuring 30 ft. by 108 ft. were sold, by community. This extension was later named Chamarajendrapet. A similar extension was formed in the north of the city, called Sheshadripuram, after Diwam Sheshadri Iyer. The relieve the city of congestion, two new extensions, Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were formed. New roads were constructed linking the new localities and wards of the city during this time. The Avenue Road, so called because of being lined by trees on either side, was the commercial hub of the city. The B.V.K. Iyengar Road was constructed as a direct tributary of the Mysore Road. The Silver Jubilee park near K.R. Market was laid to commemorate the silver jubilee of the accession of the king of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1927. The road on one side of the park was named Silver Jubilee road and Narasimharaja Road on the other. Anand Rao Circle was laid in honour of the Mysore Diwan, while Sajjan Rao Circle was named after a philanthropist. In August 1948, the Governor General of India, C. Rajagopalachari inaugurated the Jayanagar extension, named after the last ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, Jayachamrajendra Wodeyar. On July 3, 1949, the industrial suburb of the city was inaugurated by the Maharajah of Myosore and named Rajajinagar . In 1905, Banagalore became the first city in India to be electrified, powered by the hydroelectric plant in Shivanasamudra.
Development after independence
The Lady Curzon Hospital, now known as Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital was established in 1864 and named after the first Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.
The Lady Curzon Hospital, now known as Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital was established in 1864 and named after the first Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.
After Indian independence in 1947, the two municipalities of the cantonment and Bangalore town were united under the Bangalore Municipal Corporation Act LXIX (1949) to form a single municipality for the city — the Bangalore City Corporation (BCC). The new corporation consisted of 50 wards and 75 councillors. The first elections to the BCC under adult franchise were held in December 1950, with Congress party candidate R. Anantharaman elected as first mayor of independent Bangalore. The needs of a growing city led to the rapid growth of civic bodies in the city. The BDA Act of 1976 reconstituted and reorganized the City Improvement Trust Board to form the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), whose objective was to ensure proper planning and development of the metropolitan area . Bangalore's city layout today has various types of "growth poles" , consisting of Markets — K.R. Market, Malleshwaram, Magadi Road, Ulsoor and others, Commercial Centres — Gandhi Bazaar, MG Road, Brigade Road, Commercial streets among others, Industrial layouts — Electronics City, Bharat Electronics Limited layout and HAL Layout, and other socio-economic precursors — Hospitals (Mallya, Bowring and Lady Curson, Vanivilas) and areas of religious and ethnic concentration.
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) was constituted in 1964 to supply water to the city and to provide for the disposal of sewage. The Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) was formed in 1957. Losses in revenues through the mid 1980s and 1990s prompted the Karnataka Legislature to pass the Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act in 1999, which corporatised the KEB into the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), with the distribution of Bangalore division vested with the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM), which caters to 2.1 million customers in the Bangalore metropolitan area. To cater to the electricity needs of a growing population, BESCOM has sought to commission 11 additional 66/11 KV substations. Over 4,000 distribution transformer centres were added. One survey indicates that 94% of citizens were satisfied with BESCOM's performance. However, Bangalore continues to experience residential and industrial power outages ("load shedding") for as long as 2 to 4 hours a day, while its contemporaries such as Chennai and Hyderabad remain largely free of such outages .
The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) was separated from the parent Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation through private sector investment , first making a profit of Rs. 267 million (US$ 5.6 million in 2001-2002. As of 2001, the company operated close to 3000 regular and Pushpak busses and services 2.8 million customers daily. The Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF), a private-public partnership enterprise, was established during the S. M. Krishna administration to coordinate civic improvement and development activities with the BDA and BMP. The BATF, along with other civic bodies identified ten junctions and roads for upgrade and improvement, including the Bannerghatta Ring Road junction, Toll gate junction and the Airport Inner Ring Road Junction.
Under the leadership of Sir Mirza Ismail, Diwan of Mysore, the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), a public sector undertaking was established in Bangalore for the purposes of research and development of fighter aircraft in the 1940s. The HAL operated an airport for test-flights. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) obtained a small piece of land, known as Civil Enclave for the construction of a civil airport terminal in the HAL airport for handling peak-hour traffic of 300 passengers. By 1991, peak-hour traffic to Bangalore had increased to 1,800 passengers, making HAL the fourth busiest airport in the country by 2004 . When a tender was issued in 1991 by the Government of Karnataka for the construction of the Bangalore International Airport, HAL decided to discontinue civil aviation service [1]. This led to a prolonged three way tussle for operational ownership between the HAL, the Government of Karnataka. Construction of the Bangalore International Airport (BIAL) was repeatedly delayed due to a lack of agreement between successive administrations and the private consortium over operational ownership of the international airport and the status of HAL airport upon the completion of construction of the international airport [1]. Clearance for the construction of the US$ 288 million airport was eventually granted in June 2004. The major stakeholders of this project include Siemens, Zurich Airport, Larsen and Tubro consortium, Airports Authority of India and Karnataka State Investment and Industrial Development Corporation. Construction work on the airport began in March 2005.
A Bangalore Mahanagara Palike sign on the Vittal Mallya Road in Bangalore. The road was converted into a one-way system to ease traffic congestion.
A Bangalore Mahanagara Palike sign on the Vittal Mallya Road in Bangalore. The road was converted into a one-way system to ease traffic congestion.
Bangalore's road network exceeds 3,000 km (1,800 mi) and consists of ring roads, arterial roads, sub-arterial roads and residential streets. The city road network is mainly radial, converging in the centre. The main roads of Bangalore coming into the city include Bellary Road in the north, Tumkur Road and Mysore Road in the west, Kanakpura Road and Hosur Road in the south and Airport Road and Old Madras Road in the east . Many of Bangalore's erstwhile colonial and town streets were developed into commercial and entertainment areas after independence. The B.V.K Iyengar Road became the retail hub of Bangalore, while MG Road, Commercial Street and Brigade Road became important shopping, recreation and corporate areas . Consequently, traffic increased exponentially, especially on MG Road, which forms the main artery for the city's east-west traffic. But for MG Road, other roads in and around the erstwhile Parade Ground remain narrow, winding roads. Bangalore's vehicular traffic has increased manifold, with 1.6 million registered vehiles in the city — the second highest for an Indian city, after New Delhi . The maintenance and construction of roads to address the growing traffic in the city has been a challenge to the BDA and the BMP. Development of the city road infrastructure has revolved around imposing one-way traffic in certain areas, improving traffic flow in junctions, constructing ring roads, bridges, floyers and other grade separators. Six high volume junctions were identified for improvements, through a private public partnership involving corporate sponsors and various state government agencies, such as the Siddapur Road and Hosur Road junction, sponsored by Infosys and the Airport Road and Intermediate Ring Road junction sponsored by the TATAs. Flyovers were constructed in the city to ease traffic congestion. Newer flyovers were planned for the city for 2006 and beyond [2] The construction of flyovers near the Domlur sector was delayed twice while the flyover near the Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology on Bannerghatta Road was also delayed [3] .
The dramatic growth of Bangalore over the course of the last decade has led to severe traffic congestion problems in the city.
The dramatic growth of Bangalore over the course of the last decade has led to severe traffic congestion problems in the city.
Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately, however the volume of traffic continues to grow at an annual rate of between 7-10%. Roads near Airport Road and the residential areas in Koramangala were dug up for renovation but have remained in this state for over two years [4]. The Outer Ring Road was initially constructed to ease truck congestion in the city, however the growth of suburbs reduced the positive impact of the ring road [5]. Bangalore Development Authority is laying additional lanes on many of the major roads around Bangalore. The Peripheral Ring Road, expected to be completed in 2007, is designed to be [6] concentric to the Outer Ring Road and covers 108.9 km. The Hosur Road, which connects Bangalore to the Electronics City, is heavily congested and is part of the National Highway (NH7), therefore witnesses heavy truck traffic as well [7].
Rapid population growth in Bangalore was brought about by the IT and other associated industries, leding to an increase in the vehicular population to about 1.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 7-10% [8]. Bangalore's infrastructural woes have led to protests by students and IT workers in the city [9]. In July 2004 Wipro's CEO Azim Premji threatened to pull his company out of the city unless there was a drastic improvement in infrastructure over the next few years, stating "We do not see the situation (state of Bangalore's infrastructure) improving in the near future" [10]. Ideological clashes between the city's IT moguls, who demand an addressal of the infrastructural problems of the city, and the successive state governments, whose electoral base is primarily rural Karnataka's agricultural workers, are common [11] In 2005, however, the Central and State Governments allocated sizeable funding from their annual budgets towards the improvement of Bangalore's infrastructure.
Early city planning and infrastructure
A 1924 map of Bangalore showing the major roads and localities of the Bangalore pete and the Bangalore Cantonment. The Bangalore fort is located in the western part of the city.
A 1924 map of Bangalore showing the major roads and localities of the Bangalore pete and the Bangalore Cantonment. The Bangalore fort is located in the western part of the city.
Within the fort built by Kempe Gowda I, the town was divided into petes or localities such as Chikpete, Dodpete and Balepete, with each area intended for different artisans and tradesman. Markets within the town were divided by the nature of the provisions supplied and services rendered — Aralpete, Akkipete, Ragipete, Balepete and Taragupete sold various provisions while Kumbarpete, Ganginarpete, Upparpete, Nagartharapete catered to services. The town within the fort had two main streets — Chikpete street and Dodpete street. Chikpete street ran east-west and Dodpete street ran north-south. Their intersection formed the heart of the town — Dodpete square. The town within the fort was cordoned by nine gates. The four main gates of the fort were Halasoor (east), Sondekoppa (west), Yelahanka (north) and Anekal (south). Kempe Gowda encouraged the construction of temples and residential areas, known as agraharams within the town. Kempe Gowda I sanctioned the construction of lakes within the landlocked city, to provide for a source of water supply. The city's residential areas further developed under Kempe Gowda II, who built four towers to demarcate Bangalore's boundaries. These towers in the modern localities of Lal Bagh, Kempambudhi Tank, Ulsoor lake, and the vicinity of Ramana Maharshi Ashram . In 1758, Bangalore was given as a jahagir to Haider Ali, Commander-in-chief of the Mysore army. Haider Ali built the Delhi and Mysore gates of the fort and further strengthened it with stone walls. The Lal Bagh botanical garden was established in the city during the reigns of Haider Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan. Caputured by the British after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, Bangalore fell into the dominion of the British Raj. The Diwan of Mysore, Poornaiah, contributed to the development of Bangalore's infrastructure between 1799-1811 CE. He renovated the temple inside the fort and built a choultry for travellers in Tulasi Thota. The British moved their garrison from Srirangapatnam to Bangalore in 1831, establishing the Bangalore Cantonment. The officer in charge of the city was known as Huzoor Shirastedar. Sir Mark Cubbon, commissioner of the city from 1834-1861, was responsible for introducing Kannada as the official language and for sanctioning the construction of roads and bridges, as well as setting up the telegraph system in the city .
The South Parade and MG Road are important social and cultural hallmarks of the Bangalore Cantonment
The South Parade and MG Road are important social and cultural hallmarks of the Bangalore Cantonment
The South Parade, today known as MG Road, became a fashionable area with bars, and restaurants. In his book Bangalore: Scenes from an Indian City, M. N. Srinivas opines that the reasons leading to the haphazzard development of narrow, winding roads around the civilan areas around the cantonment was because the British chose to ignore the development of these areas, which were normally reserved for non-European labourers. The first railway lines between Bangalore and Jolarpet were laid in 1864 under the directives of Cubbon. His successor, Lewan Bentham Bowring (1862-1870) established the first organised law enforcement units in the city as well the sewerage system and the department of Survey and Settlement. In 1862, the Town Municipality of Bangalore was constituted under Act No. XXVI of 1850. The municipality board, comprising two European officials, four local officials and two non-officials met biweekly to discuss matters on the city's sanitation and improvement. The jurisdiction of the municipality included Balepet, Manavarthpet and Halsurpet. The first project of the municipality was the construction of a moat around the ramparts of the old Bangalore fort. In 1866, the municipality installed kerosene lamps on principal streets. A parallel municipality was established in the Bangalore Cantonment in 1862 with Rs. 37,509. The jurisdiction of the cantonment municipality included the Ulsoor division, Southern division, East General Bazaar division, West General Bazaar division, Cleveland Town division and High Ground division. Though the Banagalore town and the Cantonment had separate municipal bodies, they both reported to the President of Bangalore Town Municipality. Despite the establishment of municipal bodies, civic infrastructure in the city did not see considerable improvement. Uncovered drains, some between 10 feet deep by 6 feet wide, were common in the town. Contractors of the municipality subordinated farmers for the removal of filth in the cantonment, which they in turn, used as manure. The efficacy of this agreement was minimal during agricultural seasons. Contractors engaged in building construction employing more than 10 labourers, were required to maintain a latrine for their use and clean it daily.
The bubonic plague of 1897-98 had a dramatic effect on the improvements of sanitation and health facilities. Telephone lines were laid to help coordinate anti-plague operations. To prevent the spread of the epidemic, several unsanitary houses were demolished, and with a lack of manpower to accomplish the demolitions, convicts from the Central Jail were requisitioned . In 1892, the Western extension was formed in the city and sites measuring 30 ft. by 108 ft. were sold, by community. This extension was later named Chamarajendrapet. A similar extension was formed in the north of the city, called Sheshadripuram, after Diwam Sheshadri Iyer. The relieve the city of congestion, two new extensions, Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were formed. New roads were constructed linking the new localities and wards of the city during this time. The Avenue Road, so called because of being lined by trees on either side, was the commercial hub of the city. The B.V.K. Iyengar Road was constructed as a direct tributary of the Mysore Road. The Silver Jubilee park near K.R. Market was laid to commemorate the silver jubilee of the accession of the king of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1927. The road on one side of the park was named Silver Jubilee road and Narasimharaja Road on the other. Anand Rao Circle was laid in honour of the Mysore Diwan, while Sajjan Rao Circle was named after a philanthropist. In August 1948, the Governor General of India, C. Rajagopalachari inaugurated the Jayanagar extension, named after the last ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, Jayachamrajendra Wodeyar. On July 3, 1949, the industrial suburb of the city was inaugurated by the Maharajah of Myosore and named Rajajinagar . In 1905, Banagalore became the first city in India to be electrified, powered by the hydroelectric plant in Shivanasamudra.
Development after independence
The Lady Curzon Hospital, now known as Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital was established in 1864 and named after the first Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.
The Lady Curzon Hospital, now known as Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital was established in 1864 and named after the first Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.
After Indian independence in 1947, the two municipalities of the cantonment and Bangalore town were united under the Bangalore Municipal Corporation Act LXIX (1949) to form a single municipality for the city — the Bangalore City Corporation (BCC). The new corporation consisted of 50 wards and 75 councillors. The first elections to the BCC under adult franchise were held in December 1950, with Congress party candidate R. Anantharaman elected as first mayor of independent Bangalore. The needs of a growing city led to the rapid growth of civic bodies in the city. The BDA Act of 1976 reconstituted and reorganized the City Improvement Trust Board to form the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), whose objective was to ensure proper planning and development of the metropolitan area . Bangalore's city layout today has various types of "growth poles" , consisting of Markets — K.R. Market, Malleshwaram, Magadi Road, Ulsoor and others, Commercial Centres — Gandhi Bazaar, MG Road, Brigade Road, Commercial streets among others, Industrial layouts — Electronics City, Bharat Electronics Limited layout and HAL Layout, and other socio-economic precursors — Hospitals (Mallya, Bowring and Lady Curson, Vanivilas) and areas of religious and ethnic concentration.
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) was constituted in 1964 to supply water to the city and to provide for the disposal of sewage. The Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) was formed in 1957. Losses in revenues through the mid 1980s and 1990s prompted the Karnataka Legislature to pass the Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act in 1999, which corporatised the KEB into the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), with the distribution of Bangalore division vested with the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM), which caters to 2.1 million customers in the Bangalore metropolitan area. To cater to the electricity needs of a growing population, BESCOM has sought to commission 11 additional 66/11 KV substations. Over 4,000 distribution transformer centres were added. One survey indicates that 94% of citizens were satisfied with BESCOM's performance. However, Bangalore continues to experience residential and industrial power outages ("load shedding") for as long as 2 to 4 hours a day, while its contemporaries such as Chennai and Hyderabad remain largely free of such outages .
The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) was separated from the parent Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation through private sector investment , first making a profit of Rs. 267 million (US$ 5.6 million in 2001-2002. As of 2001, the company operated close to 3000 regular and Pushpak busses and services 2.8 million customers daily. The Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF), a private-public partnership enterprise, was established during the S. M. Krishna administration to coordinate civic improvement and development activities with the BDA and BMP. The BATF, along with other civic bodies identified ten junctions and roads for upgrade and improvement, including the Bannerghatta Ring Road junction, Toll gate junction and the Airport Inner Ring Road Junction.
Under the leadership of Sir Mirza Ismail, Diwan of Mysore, the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), a public sector undertaking was established in Bangalore for the purposes of research and development of fighter aircraft in the 1940s. The HAL operated an airport for test-flights. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) obtained a small piece of land, known as Civil Enclave for the construction of a civil airport terminal in the HAL airport for handling peak-hour traffic of 300 passengers. By 1991, peak-hour traffic to Bangalore had increased to 1,800 passengers, making HAL the fourth busiest airport in the country by 2004 . When a tender was issued in 1991 by the Government of Karnataka for the construction of the Bangalore International Airport, HAL decided to discontinue civil aviation service [1]. This led to a prolonged three way tussle for operational ownership between the HAL, the Government of Karnataka. Construction of the Bangalore International Airport (BIAL) was repeatedly delayed due to a lack of agreement between successive administrations and the private consortium over operational ownership of the international airport and the status of HAL airport upon the completion of construction of the international airport [1]. Clearance for the construction of the US$ 288 million airport was eventually granted in June 2004. The major stakeholders of this project include Siemens, Zurich Airport, Larsen and Tubro consortium, Airports Authority of India and Karnataka State Investment and Industrial Development Corporation. Construction work on the airport began in March 2005.
A Bangalore Mahanagara Palike sign on the Vittal Mallya Road in Bangalore. The road was converted into a one-way system to ease traffic congestion.
A Bangalore Mahanagara Palike sign on the Vittal Mallya Road in Bangalore. The road was converted into a one-way system to ease traffic congestion.
Bangalore's road network exceeds 3,000 km (1,800 mi) and consists of ring roads, arterial roads, sub-arterial roads and residential streets. The city road network is mainly radial, converging in the centre. The main roads of Bangalore coming into the city include Bellary Road in the north, Tumkur Road and Mysore Road in the west, Kanakpura Road and Hosur Road in the south and Airport Road and Old Madras Road in the east . Many of Bangalore's erstwhile colonial and town streets were developed into commercial and entertainment areas after independence. The B.V.K Iyengar Road became the retail hub of Bangalore, while MG Road, Commercial Street and Brigade Road became important shopping, recreation and corporate areas . Consequently, traffic increased exponentially, especially on MG Road, which forms the main artery for the city's east-west traffic. But for MG Road, other roads in and around the erstwhile Parade Ground remain narrow, winding roads. Bangalore's vehicular traffic has increased manifold, with 1.6 million registered vehiles in the city — the second highest for an Indian city, after New Delhi . The maintenance and construction of roads to address the growing traffic in the city has been a challenge to the BDA and the BMP. Development of the city road infrastructure has revolved around imposing one-way traffic in certain areas, improving traffic flow in junctions, constructing ring roads, bridges, floyers and other grade separators. Six high volume junctions were identified for improvements, through a private public partnership involving corporate sponsors and various state government agencies, such as the Siddapur Road and Hosur Road junction, sponsored by Infosys and the Airport Road and Intermediate Ring Road junction sponsored by the TATAs. Flyovers were constructed in the city to ease traffic congestion. Newer flyovers were planned for the city for 2006 and beyond [2] The construction of flyovers near the Domlur sector was delayed twice while the flyover near the Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology on Bannerghatta Road was also delayed [3] .
The dramatic growth of Bangalore over the course of the last decade has led to severe traffic congestion problems in the city.
The dramatic growth of Bangalore over the course of the last decade has led to severe traffic congestion problems in the city.
Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately, however the volume of traffic continues to grow at an annual rate of between 7-10%. Roads near Airport Road and the residential areas in Koramangala were dug up for renovation but have remained in this state for over two years [4]. The Outer Ring Road was initially constructed to ease truck congestion in the city, however the growth of suburbs reduced the positive impact of the ring road [5]. Bangalore Development Authority is laying additional lanes on many of the major roads around Bangalore. The Peripheral Ring Road, expected to be completed in 2007, is designed to be [6] concentric to the Outer Ring Road and covers 108.9 km. The Hosur Road, which connects Bangalore to the Electronics City, is heavily congested and is part of the National Highway (NH7), therefore witnesses heavy truck traffic as well [7].
Rapid population growth in Bangalore was brought about by the IT and other associated industries, leding to an increase in the vehicular population to about 1.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 7-10% [8]. Bangalore's infrastructural woes have led to protests by students and IT workers in the city [9]. In July 2004 Wipro's CEO Azim Premji threatened to pull his company out of the city unless there was a drastic improvement in infrastructure over the next few years, stating "We do not see the situation (state of Bangalore's infrastructure) improving in the near future" [10]. Ideological clashes between the city's IT moguls, who demand an addressal of the infrastructural problems of the city, and the successive state governments, whose electoral base is primarily rural Karnataka's agricultural workers, are common [11] In 2005, however, the Central and State Governments allocated sizeable funding from their annual budgets towards the improvement of Bangalore's infrastructure.
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